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USA patent courts and appeals

Revision as of 14:16, 2 August 2012 by Ciaran (talk | contribs) (References: rm defunkt cats)
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This article describes which bodies handle approval, rejection, and disputes of patent validity in the USA.

The stages of litigation


  • When you sue someone for patent infringement, the validity of the patent can be called into question, and this litigation is in a District Court
    • When suing someone, you might also apply to the International Trade Commission to have imports of their products blocked
      • Decisions by the ITC can be appealed to the CAFC.[1]


  • To contest the district court's ruling, you go to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC)
    • When the CAFC hears a case en banc, this means that all the judges participated, not just a subset; this is usually done for important cases where the CAFC wants to set a precedent
  • To contest the CAFC's ruling, you can apply to the Supreme Court (sometimes abbreviated "SCOTUS")
    • This is called applying for certiorari
  • If the Supreme Court grants certiorari, they will rule on it with the highest authority of the USA

Hierarchy and vacating lower rulings

When the Supreme Court gives its opinion on a case, not only does this opinion override the opinion of the lower court, but the Supreme Court can also issue a "grant-vacate-remand order" to nullify certain other rulings of lower courts which may give turn out differently in the light of the Supreme Court's newer ruling.

For example, in the 2009 Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. case the CAFC upheld a patent, saying that it passed the machine-or-transformation test.[2] (The US Supreme Court took the case in 2012 and disagreed.) After tweaking that test in 2010 in the Bilski v. Kappos ruling, the Supreme Court vacated the CAFC's 2009 Mayo ruling and ordered a retrial.[3] (In the retrial, the CAFC reached the same conclusion; the Supreme Court then agreed to hear the Mayo case.)

A Supreme Court ruling not only overrides the preceding CAFC ruling, but the Supreme Court can also vacate other court rulings of lower courts that may

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References